{
  "id": "house-ownership-2026",
  "title": "Who owns the 89 perfume houses 10ML sells, October 2026",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "citation": "10ML (2026). Who owns the 89 perfume houses 10ML sells, October 2026. https://10ml.com/data/house-ownership-2026.json. CC BY 4.0. Accessed 2026-10-08.",
  "checked": "2026-10-08",
  "method": "House list: every distinct value of the 'house' column in 10ML's live price-per-ml index CSV (https://10ml.com/guides/perfume-price-per-ml-index/csv), 89 houses on 2026-10-08. For each house we looked for who owns the fragrance business today, reading primary sources first (annual and universal registration documents, SEC filings, investor pages, official press releases, company registries, the brand's own site) and reputable trade press (WWD, Business of Fashion, Premium Beauty News, FashionNetwork, Cosmetics Business) as fallback. Every source_url was opened and read on 2026-10-08, and the evidence field quotes it. relationship: 'owned' = a group owns the brand and makes the fragrance itself; 'licence' = the brand owner (parent) licenses the fragrance to another company (licensee); 'majority stake' / 'minority stake' = an outside group or fund holds that stake (parent); 'independent' = founder- or family-owned with no group or fund owner found; 'unverified' = no credible source found, or credible sources conflict. since is filled only when a source states the date. Five rows were re-fetched as a spot check (Gucci, Matière Première, Clive Christian, Atkinsons, Penhaligon's/Byredo); all matched.",
  "coverage": {
    "houses": 89,
    "house_list_source": "https://10ml.com/guides/perfume-price-per-ml-index/csv",
    "as_of": "2026-10-08",
    "relationships": {
      "owned": 30,
      "minority stake": 7,
      "unverified": 8,
      "independent": 21,
      "licence": 19,
      "majority stake": 4
    }
  },
  "caveats": [
    "Ownership changes fast in 2025–2026: L'Oréal closed Kering Beauté (incl. Creed) on 31 Mar 2026; Coty hands Gucci back on 30 Jun 2027 (Kering may extend), then L'Oréal holds it for 50 years; Prada completed Versace on 2 Dec 2025; LVMH sold Marc Jacobs on 1 Sep 2026; Extravaganza Beauty bought Roja on 18 Sep 2026; Advent is selling Parfums de Marly and Initio.",
    "'Independent' means no group or fund owner was found in the sources read; private companies do not publish shareholder lists, and a small or undisclosed outside stake can exist.",
    "Several fashion houses own their brand but license the perfume (e.g. Prada, Armani, Ralph Lauren to L'Oréal; Burberry, Hugo Boss, Chloé, Calvin Klein to Coty). Who 'owns' the perfume depends on whether you mean the trademark owner (parent) or the company that makes and sells it (licensee).",
    "Licence status for Burberry, Hugo Boss, Chloé, Calvin Klein and Marc Jacobs rests on Coty's FY2026 10-K brand list, where an asterisk marks owned brands; the Marc Jacobs licence predates the brand's sale on 1 Sep 2026.",
    "Premium Beauty News (23 Sep 2026) says Extravaganza Beauty holds stakes in Amouage, Ex Nihilo, Nishane, Maison Crivelli and Marc-Antoine Barrois; the stake sizes are not public. For Marc-Antoine Barrois this conflicts with an August 2026 interview ('There is no investor behind it'), so that house is marked unverified.",
    "Some 'independent' rows rest on the brand's own site, a founder interview or an older source (Montale: 2016 interview; Vilhelm majority stake: 2020 report)."
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "LVMH – Perfumes & Cosmetics Maisons",
      "url": "https://www.lvmh.com/en/our-maisons/perfumes-cosmetics/acqua-di-parma",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Perfumer & Flavorist",
      "url": "https://www.perfumerflavorist.com/news/fragrance/news/22933042/loral-acquires-minority-stake-in-amouage",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Stockist LinkedIn post (Feb 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7428085482422583296",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "EuroItalia brand page",
      "url": "https://www.euroitalia.it/en/brand/atkinsons/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "L'Oréal 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "url": "https://www.loreal-finance.com/eng/2025-universal-registration-document/en/article/322/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Veil Jourde (counsel to LVMH Luxury Ventures), 3 Dec 2025",
      "url": "https://www.veil.fr/en/veil-jourde-advisor-to-lvmh-luxury-ventures-in-its-acquisition-of-a-stake-in-bdk-parfums/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "UK Companies House – Valorem Capital One Ltd",
      "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07118927/persons-with-significant-control",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Coty 10-K FY2026 (filed Aug 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000048/coty-20260630.htm",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "LVMH – Bvlgari Maison page",
      "url": "https://www.lvmh.com/en/our-maisons/watches-jewelry/bulgari",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Estée Lauder FY2025 10-K",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001250/000100125025000099/R9.htm",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Puig Integrated Annual Report 2025",
      "url": "https://uploads.puig.com/uploads/PUIG_BRANDS_Puig_Integrated_Annual_Report_2025_eng_65be06fd1b.pdf",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "PVH SEC filing (2026)",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/78239/000121390026053716/ea0284655-04.pdf",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Coty 10-K FY2026",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000048/coty-20260630.htm",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "UK Companies House – Clive Christian Perfume Ltd",
      "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/03538453/persons-with-significant-control",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "WWD (Nov 2024)",
      "url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/comme-des-garcons-parfums-turns-30-chief-looks-forward-back-strategy-perfume-fragrance-adrian-joffe-1236722673/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "L'Oréal press release",
      "url": "https://www.loreal.com/en/press-release/group/loreal-completes-the-acquisition-of-kering-beaute/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "LVMH 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "url": "https://urd.lvmh.com/en/2025",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "BCLP, 28 Jul 2025",
      "url": "https://www.bclplaw.com/en-US/events-insights-news/bclp-advised-manzanita-capital-on-its-sale-of-space-nk-to-ulta-beauty.html",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Business of Fashion (15 Apr 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/luxury/dolce-gabbana-cantino-future/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Premium Beauty News (31 Mar 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/we-are-actively-strengthening-our,27380",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Escentric Molecules – About",
      "url": "https://www.escentric.com/en-us/pages/about-escentric-molecules",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "WWD (8 Jul 2026)",
      "url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/style-capital-essential-parfums-beauty-investment-fragrance-1239057900/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Eurazeo newsroom",
      "url": "https://en.newsroom.eurazeo.com/news/eurazeo-completes-the-sale-of-ex-nihilo-to-l-catterton-2cffb-52e2c.html",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zawya / PR Newswire (2019)",
      "url": "https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/real-oud-factory-starts-production-in-dubai-690457",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Giardini di Toscana – company profile",
      "url": "https://www.giardiniditoscana.com/pages/company-profile",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Giardino Benessere – site footer",
      "url": "https://giardinobenessere.com/en/manifesto/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "L'Oréal press release (22 Mar 2018)",
      "url": "https://www.loreal-finance.com/eng/news-release/loreal-and-armani-renew-their-partnership-beauty",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "The Nightly (17 Sep 2026)",
      "url": "https://thenightly.com.au/on/renewal/how-goldfield-banks-became-the-australian-perfume-the-world-wanted-after-every-local-buyer-said-no-c-22772749",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Coty 8-K (7 Jul 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000038/coty-20260707.htm",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hermès 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "url": "https://assets-finance.hermes.com/s3fs-public/node/pdf_file/2026-04/1777391712/260320_hermes_urd2025_en.pdf",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Advent International press release",
      "url": "https://www.adventinternational.com/news/advent-international-to-enter-a-partnership-with-the-founder-of-the-parfums-de-marly-and-initio-parfums-prives-niche-fragrance-brands-to-accelerate-global-growth/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shiseido corporate brands page",
      "url": "https://corp.shiseido.com/en/brands/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Estée Lauder Companies – our brands",
      "url": "https://www.elcompanies.com/en/our-brands",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jul et Mad Paris – LinkedIn company page",
      "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/company/jul-et-mad-paris",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "ScentXplore interview (May 2024)",
      "url": "https://scentxplore.com/scentxpress-kajal/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Business of Fashion (26 Jun 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/beauty/mona-kattan-kayali-global-forum/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "L'Oréal – our brands",
      "url": "https://www.loreal.com/en/brands/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "LM Parfums – terms of sale",
      "url": "https://www.lmparfums.com/en/pages/conditions-generales-de-vente",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nichebox brand page",
      "url": "https://www.nichebox.net/brand/liquides-imaginaires",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "LVMH news (2019)",
      "url": "https://www.lvmh.com/news-documents/news/sun-song-cactus-garden-and-afternoon-swim-three-new-fragrance-creations-from-louis-vuitton-inspired-by-california-summer/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Premium Beauty News (23 Sep 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/extravaganza-beauty-acquires,28245",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "LVMH press release (20 Mar 2017)",
      "url": "https://www.lvmh.com/en/publications/maison-francis-kurkdjian-rejoint-le-groupe-lvmh",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Aus Liebe zum Duft – founder interview (2023)",
      "url": "https://www.alzd.de/en/2023/08/31/interview-with-maison-noirs-founders-claudio-denz-and-david-weber/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mancera – Founders",
      "url": "https://manceraparfums.com/en/founders",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "G-III / WHP press release, SEC Ex. 99.2 (1 Sep 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/821002/000095014226002481/eh260826006_ex9902.htm",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Blanc Magazine (12 Aug 2026)",
      "url": "https://blancmagazine.com/inside-the-intentional-world-of-marc-antoine-barrois/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "WWD (15 Apr 2026)",
      "url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/whats-fueling-matiere-premiere-robust-growth-1238915396/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "WWD (22 Sep 2025)",
      "url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/memo-paris-levels-up-niche-fragrance-1238213115/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fragrantica interview with Pierre Montale (2016)",
      "url": "https://www.fragrantica.com/news/M-is-for-Montale-Exclusive-Interview-with-Pierre-Montale-7852.html",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Interparfums Inc. 10-K FY2025",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/822663/000175392626000464/ipar-20251231.htm",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Extra Extra Magazine (8 Jan 2025)",
      "url": "https://extraextramagazine.com/talk/alessandro-gualtieri-on-sniffing-the-excess-of-soul/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fragrantica news (28 Feb 2022)",
      "url": "https://www.fragrantica.com/news/New-Notes-A-New-Brand-from-Italy-16195.html",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Maxis Girişim news (20 Sep 2025)",
      "url": "https://www.maxisgs.com/en/news/we-invested-in-nishane-together-with-mada-through-our-atlas-growth-capital-fund",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Pantheon Roma – About",
      "url": "https://www.pantheonparfum.com/en/pages/about-us",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "L'Oréal 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "url": "https://www.loreal-finance.com/system/files/2026-03/LOREAL_DEU_2025_EN.pdf",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Profumum Roma – Our story",
      "url": "https://www.profumum.com/en/who-we-are/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ralph Lauren Corp. 10-K (filed 21 May 2026)",
      "url": "https://investor.ralphlauren.com/static-files/84a0eb14-8b93-4528-a4a2-56535056d7ae",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Business of Fashion (18 Sep 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/beauty/roja-london-acquired-extravaganza-beauty/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Interparfums / Ferragamo press release (7 Jul 2021)",
      "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210707005803/en/Salvatore-Ferragamo-S.p.A.-and-Inter-Parfums-Inc.-Sign-Agreement-for-Fragrance-Business-and-License",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shiseido corporate news (22 Dec 2015)",
      "url": "https://corp.shiseido.com/en/news/detail.html?n=00000000000015",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "SHIR Fine Jewelry – About",
      "url": "https://shirfinejewelry.com/pages/about",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Essencional founder interview (Feb 2024)",
      "url": "https://www.essencional.com/en/posts/sora-doras-quentin-dorado-perfume-is-emotion-in-a-bottle/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sospiro – About",
      "url": "https://sospirointernational.com/pages/about-sospiro",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Stéphane Humbert Lucas – Philosophy",
      "url": "https://stephanehumbertlucas.com/pages/philosophy",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Cereria Terenzi – History",
      "url": "https://cereriaterenzi.com/en/history/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Estée Lauder Companies press release (28 Apr 2023)",
      "url": "https://www.elcompanies.com/en/news-and-media/newsroom/press-releases/2023/04-28-2023-171511000",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Parfinity (retailer) brand page",
      "url": "https://www.parfinity.com/en/brand/toskovat",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "OTB FY2025 results press release",
      "url": "https://assets.ctfassets.net/0p3ks596b6ik/WZxWPfiPN8JLTqqIu1BA3/1912b578a0fe8f436f8cae2711c28044/PR_OTB_FYR2025_EN.pdf",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "WWD (14 Aug 2020)",
      "url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/vilhelm-parfumerie-ramps-up-expansion-1203698457/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "WIDIAN LinkedIn post (30 Jan 2025)",
      "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/widian_aj-arabia-enterprise-manufacturer-and-owner-activity-7290641591831056385-y569",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Forbes Italia (23 Jul 2019)",
      "url": "https://eventi.forbes.it/2019/07/23/xerjoff-profumi-di-lusso-andrea-tessitore-sergio-momo",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kering (then PPR) release (Jan 2008)",
      "url": "https://www.kering.com/en/news/project-for-strategic-agreement-between-ppr-and-l-oreal-regarding-ysl-beaute/",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    }
  ],
  "columns": [
    {
      "key": "house",
      "label": "House",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "key": "relationship",
      "label": "Relationship",
      "type": "enum: owned | licence | majority stake | minority stake | independent | unverified"
    },
    {
      "key": "parent",
      "label": "Parent group (brand owner or stake holder)",
      "type": "string|null"
    },
    {
      "key": "licensee",
      "label": "Fragrance licensee",
      "type": "string|null"
    },
    {
      "key": "since",
      "label": "Since",
      "type": "date|year|null"
    },
    {
      "key": "source_url",
      "label": "Source",
      "type": "url"
    },
    {
      "key": "source_name",
      "label": "Source name",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "key": "evidence",
      "label": "Quoted evidence",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "key": "source_url2",
      "label": "Second source (optional)",
      "type": "url"
    },
    {
      "key": "evidence2",
      "label": "Second source quote (optional)",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "key": "note",
      "label": "Note",
      "type": "string|null"
    },
    {
      "key": "checked",
      "label": "Checked",
      "type": "date"
    }
  ],
  "rows": [
    {
      "house": "Acqua di Parma",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "LVMH",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.lvmh.com/en/our-maisons/perfumes-cosmetics/acqua-di-parma",
      "source_name": "LVMH – Perfumes & Cosmetics Maisons",
      "evidence": "Listed among LVMH's Perfumes & Cosmetics Maisons.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "LVMH's page gives no acquisition year.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Amouage",
      "relationship": "minority stake",
      "parent": "L'Oréal",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2025-02",
      "source_url": "https://www.perfumerflavorist.com/news/fragrance/news/22933042/loral-acquires-minority-stake-in-amouage",
      "source_name": "Perfumer & Flavorist",
      "evidence": "With this transaction, L'Oréal will become a long-term minority investor in Amouage, and SABCO LLC will remain the majority shareholder.",
      "source_url2": "https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/extravaganza-beauty-acquires,28245",
      "evidence2": "Extravaganza Beauty, which already holds stakes in niche fragrance brands including Amouage, Ex Nihilo, Nishane, Maison Crivelli and Marc-Antoine Barrois",
      "note": "Majority owner is SABCO (Oman). Premium Beauty News (23 Sep 2026) lists Extravaganza Beauty as holding a stake in this house too; size not disclosed.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Atelier des Ors",
      "relationship": "unverified",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7428085482422583296",
      "source_name": "Stockist LinkedIn post (Feb 2026)",
      "evidence": "its founder and owner, Jean-Philippe Clermont",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Only a stockist's post names the owner; no brand, registry or trade-press source found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Atkinsons",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "EuroItalia",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2020",
      "source_url": "https://www.euroitalia.it/en/brand/atkinsons/",
      "source_name": "EuroItalia brand page",
      "evidence": "The brand ... was acquired by EuroItalia in 2020",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Azzaro",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "L'Oréal",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.loreal-finance.com/eng/2025-universal-registration-document/en/article/322/",
      "source_name": "L'Oréal 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "evidence": "BRANDS WITH INDEFINITE USEFUL LIFE – GROSS VALUE ... Azzaro",
      "source_url2": "https://www.loreal.com/en/brands/",
      "evidence2": "Listed under L'Oréal Luxe division brands",
      "note": "Carried on L'Oréal's balance sheet as an owned brand.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "BDK Parfums",
      "relationship": "minority stake",
      "parent": "LVMH Luxury Ventures",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2025-12",
      "source_url": "https://www.veil.fr/en/veil-jourde-advisor-to-lvmh-luxury-ventures-in-its-acquisition-of-a-stake-in-bdk-parfums/",
      "source_name": "Veil Jourde (counsel to LVMH Luxury Ventures), 3 Dec 2025",
      "evidence": "Veil Jourde advises LVMH Luxury Ventures Fund I (LLV), an investment fund sponsored by LVMH, on the acquisition of a minority stake in BDK Parfums",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Founder David Benedek keeps control.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Boadicea the Victorious",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/07118927/persons-with-significant-control",
      "source_name": "UK Companies House – Valorem Capital One Ltd",
      "evidence": "Valorem Holdings Ltd (Active) … Ownership of shares – 75% or more",
      "source_url2": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/11211460/persons-with-significant-control",
      "evidence2": "Mr David Victor Garofalo (Active) … Ownership of shares – 75% or more",
      "note": "Privately held; the controlling holding company is itself 75%+ owned by an individual (Companies House 11211460). No group owner.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Burberry",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Burberry Group plc",
      "licensee": "Coty",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000048/coty-20260630.htm",
      "source_name": "Coty 10-K FY2026 (filed Aug 2026)",
      "evidence": "Prestige brand list: Burberry, without the asterisk that marks an owned beauty brand",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Licensed to Coty per Coty's FY2026 brand list.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Bvlgari",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "LVMH",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.lvmh.com/en/our-maisons/watches-jewelry/bulgari",
      "source_name": "LVMH – Bvlgari Maison page",
      "evidence": "ranging from fine jewels and high-end watches to accessories and perfumes",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Fragrance sits inside the Bvlgari Maison (LVMH Watches & Jewelry).",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "By Kilian",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Estée Lauder Companies",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001250/000100125025000099/R9.htm",
      "source_name": "Estée Lauder FY2025 10-K",
      "evidence": "Products are marketed under owned brand names, including: … KILIAN PARIS",
      "source_url2": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001250/000100125025000099/el-20250630.htm",
      "evidence2": "Acquired in 2016, KILIAN PARIS is a prestige fragrance brand",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Byredo",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Puig",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2022",
      "source_url": "https://uploads.puig.com/uploads/PUIG_BRANDS_Puig_Integrated_Annual_Report_2025_eng_65be06fd1b.pdf",
      "source_name": "Puig Integrated Annual Report 2025",
      "evidence": "It was acquired by Puig in 2022.",
      "source_url2": "https://www.modaes.com/global/companies/puig-opens-new-phase-at-byredo-with-the-departure-of-its-founder-and-creative-director",
      "evidence2": "Puig completed the acquisition of 100% of Byredo's capital",
      "note": "Puig completed 100% ownership in 2024 (Modaes, 18 Jun 2025).",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Calvin Klein",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "PVH Corp.",
      "licensee": "Coty",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/78239/000121390026053716/ea0284655-04.pdf",
      "source_name": "PVH SEC filing (2026)",
      "evidence": "Calvin Klein's key licensees ... Coty Inc. Men's and women's fragrance (worldwide)",
      "source_url2": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000048/coty-20260630.htm",
      "evidence2": "Prestige brand list: Calvin Klein (no asterisk = licensed)",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Carolina Herrera",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Puig",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "1995",
      "source_url": "https://uploads.puig.com/uploads/PUIG_BRANDS_Puig_Integrated_Annual_Report_2025_eng_65be06fd1b.pdf",
      "source_name": "Puig Integrated Annual Report 2025",
      "evidence": "Founded in 1981 and acquired by Puig in 1995, Carolina Herrera operates across Fragrance and Fashion",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Chloé",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Richemont",
      "licensee": "Coty",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000048/coty-20260630.htm",
      "source_name": "Coty 10-K FY2026",
      "evidence": "Prestige brand list: Chloe, without the asterisk that marks an owned beauty brand",
      "source_url2": "https://www.richemont.com/media/ue1bjrjv/richemont-fy25-annual-report-en.pdf",
      "evidence2": "Chloé listed among Richemont Maisons (FY25 annual report)",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Clive Christian",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Nichebox",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2019-05-28",
      "source_url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/03538453/persons-with-significant-control",
      "source_name": "UK Companies House – Clive Christian Perfume Ltd",
      "evidence": "Nichebox Uk Limited – Active – Notified on 28 May 2019 – Ownership of shares – 75% or more",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Comme des Garçons",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2023-12",
      "source_url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/comme-des-garcons-parfums-turns-30-chief-looks-forward-back-strategy-perfume-fragrance-adrian-joffe-1236722673/",
      "source_name": "WWD (Nov 2024)",
      "evidence": "He explained the partial license ended mutually and amicably in December 2023.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Puig's partial fragrance licence ended Dec 2023; Comme des Garçons Parfums now runs its own fragrance business.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Creed",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "L'Oréal",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2026-03-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.loreal.com/en/press-release/group/loreal-completes-the-acquisition-of-kering-beaute/",
      "source_name": "L'Oréal press release",
      "evidence": "L'Oréal and Kering today announced the completion of L'Oréal's acquisition of Kering Beauté, including the House of Creed",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Dior",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "LVMH",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://urd.lvmh.com/en/2025",
      "source_name": "LVMH 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "evidence": "a portfolio of world-famous French brands, including Parfums Christian Dior, Guerlain, Parfums Givenchy and Kenzo Parfums",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Diptyque",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Manzanita Capital",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2005",
      "source_url": "https://www.bclplaw.com/en-US/events-insights-news/bclp-advised-manzanita-capital-on-its-sale-of-space-nk-to-ulta-beauty.html",
      "source_name": "BCLP, 28 Jul 2025",
      "evidence": "Manzanita Capital is a London-based family fund for the Fisher family … Its portfolio companies include Diptyque",
      "source_url2": "https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/diptyque-bought-by-manzanita-capital/2005041436585",
      "evidence2": "Manzanita Capital, the London-based private equity fund, has purchased the privately owned French scent and candle company Diptyque",
      "note": "No sale found through Oct 2026.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Dolce&Gabbana",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Dolce & Gabbana",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2023-01",
      "source_url": "https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/luxury/dolce-gabbana-cantino-future/",
      "source_name": "Business of Fashion (15 Apr 2026)",
      "evidence": "By bringing the beauty business in-house in 2022, Dolce & Gabbana gained control over a key growth engine",
      "source_url2": "https://www.vogue.com/article/a-new-chapter-inside-dolce-and-gabbana-beauty-pivot",
      "evidence2": "At the beginning of 2023, Dolce & Gabbana took back full control of its beauty business from the Shiseido Group.",
      "note": "Beauty run in-house by the independent fashion house since taking it back from Shiseido.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "DSQUARED²",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": "EuroItalia",
      "since": "2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/we-are-actively-strengthening-our,27380",
      "source_name": "Premium Beauty News (31 Mar 2026)",
      "evidence": "We are also developing the Michael Kors, Dsquared, Missoni, and Brunello Cucinelli licensed brands",
      "source_url2": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/feature/dsquared2-fragrance-license-euroitalia-1202679177/",
      "evidence2": "Dsquared2 has signed a licensing agreement with Euroitalia for the production and distribution of its fragrances.",
      "note": "Brand owner not verified, so parent is null.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Escada",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Coty",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000048/coty-20260630.htm",
      "source_name": "Coty 10-K FY2026",
      "evidence": "Prestige brand list: Escada* (* Indicates an owned beauty brand)",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Coty owns the Escada beauty trademark; the fashion house is separate.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Escentric Molecules",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.escentric.com/en-us/pages/about-escentric-molecules",
      "source_name": "Escentric Molecules – About",
      "evidence": "Independent. Founder-led. Unconstrained. … Escentric Molecules is an independent fragrance house",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Essential Parfums",
      "relationship": "minority stake",
      "parent": "Style Capital",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2026-07",
      "source_url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/style-capital-essential-parfums-beauty-investment-fragrance-1239057900/",
      "source_name": "WWD (8 Jul 2026)",
      "evidence": "the fund has taken a minority stake in the brand, with the founders retaining majority ownership and continuing to lead the company",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Ex Nihilo",
      "relationship": "minority stake",
      "parent": "L Catterton",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2026-02-20",
      "source_url": "https://en.newsroom.eurazeo.com/news/eurazeo-completes-the-sale-of-ex-nihilo-to-l-catterton-2cffb-52e2c.html",
      "source_name": "Eurazeo newsroom",
      "evidence": "Eurazeo has completed the sale of its minority stake in EX NIHILO … to L Catterton",
      "source_url2": "https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/beauty/l-catterton-invests-in-ex-nihilo/",
      "evidence2": "L Catterton announced it had taken a large minority stake in high perfumery brand Ex Nihilo",
      "note": "BoF calls it 'a large minority stake'; an adviser calls the deal a 'secondary LBO', so the exact size is unclear. Premium Beauty News (23 Sep 2026) lists Extravaganza Beauty as holding a stake in this house too; size not disclosed.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Fragrance du Bois",
      "relationship": "unverified",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/real-oud-factory-starts-production-in-dubai-690457",
      "source_name": "Zawya / PR Newswire (2019)",
      "evidence": "luxury real Oud perfume brand Fragrance Du Bois, which is owned by Fragrance Holdings",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Only a 2019 source; no current owner found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Frédéric Malle",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Estée Lauder Companies",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2015",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001250/000100125025000099/R9.htm",
      "source_name": "Estée Lauder FY2025 10-K",
      "evidence": "Products are marketed under owned brand names, including: … Editions de Parfums Frédéric Malle",
      "source_url2": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001250/000100125025000099/el-20250630.htm",
      "evidence2": "Acquired in 2015, Les Editions de Parfums Frédéric Malle is a collection of exclusive, sophisticated, ultraluxury fragrances",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Giardini di Toscana",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.giardiniditoscana.com/pages/company-profile",
      "source_name": "Giardini di Toscana – company profile",
      "evidence": "nato dalla visione e dalla passione di Silvia Martinelli … uno dei marchi più apprezzati della profumeria indipendente",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Brand's own description; no ownership filing checked.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Giardino Benessere",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://giardinobenessere.com/en/manifesto/",
      "source_name": "Giardino Benessere – site footer",
      "evidence": "GIARDINO BENESSERE ® is a brand of CERERIA TERENZI EVELINO S.R.L.",
      "source_url2": "https://cereriaterenzi.com/en/history/",
      "evidence2": "Today our brands—Tiziana Terenzi, V Canto and Giardino Benessere—represent the beauty and well-being of Made in Italy",
      "note": "Brand of the Terenzi family company, which also owns Tiziana Terenzi.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Giorgio Armani",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Armani Group",
      "licensee": "L'Oréal",
      "since": "1988",
      "source_url": "https://www.loreal-finance.com/eng/news-release/loreal-and-armani-renew-their-partnership-beauty",
      "source_name": "L'Oréal press release (22 Mar 2018)",
      "evidence": "L'Oréal and Armani announce today the signature of an agreement to renew their license until 2050.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Licence runs to 2050.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Givenchy",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "LVMH",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://urd.lvmh.com/en/2025",
      "source_name": "LVMH 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "evidence": "Parfums Christian Dior, Perfumes Loewe, Parfums Kenzo and Parfums Givenchy are included in the Perfumes and Cosmetics business group.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Goldfield & Banks",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://thenightly.com.au/on/renewal/how-goldfield-banks-became-the-australian-perfume-the-world-wanted-after-every-local-buyer-said-no-c-22772749",
      "source_name": "The Nightly (17 Sep 2026)",
      "evidence": "After his Sydney store launch, the focus turns to expansion and, for the first time, external investment.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Founder Dimitri Weber bootstrapped the brand; outside investment is planned, not done.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Gucci",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Kering",
      "licensee": "Coty",
      "since": "2006-04-21",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000038/coty-20260707.htm",
      "source_name": "Coty 8-K (7 Jul 2026)",
      "evidence": "the License Agreement will terminate on June 30, 2027, one year prior to its originally scheduled expiration",
      "source_url2": "https://www.loreal.com/en/press-release/group/loreal-completes-the-acquisition-of-kering-beaute/",
      "evidence2": "the rights to enter into a fifty-year exclusive license agreement will begin upon the expiration of the existing license with Coty",
      "note": "Coty receives about $400 million for the early end. Kering may extend the date. The licence then passes to L'Oréal for 50 years.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Guerlain",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "LVMH",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://urd.lvmh.com/en/2025",
      "source_name": "LVMH 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "evidence": "a portfolio of world-famous French brands, including Parfums Christian Dior, Guerlain, Parfums Givenchy and Kenzo Parfums",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Hermès",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Hermès International",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://assets-finance.hermes.com/s3fs-public/node/pdf_file/2026-04/1777391712/260320_hermes_urd2025_en.pdf",
      "source_name": "Hermès 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "evidence": "Perfume and Beauty (-8%) is to be compared against a demanding 2024 base",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "In-house Perfume & Beauty business of Hermès.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Hugo Boss",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "HUGO BOSS AG",
      "licensee": "Coty",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000048/coty-20260630.htm",
      "source_name": "Coty 10-K FY2026",
      "evidence": "Prestige brand list: Hugo Boss, without the asterisk that marks an owned beauty brand",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Initio Parfums Privés",
      "relationship": "majority stake",
      "parent": "Advent International",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2023-06-22",
      "source_url": "https://www.adventinternational.com/news/advent-international-to-enter-a-partnership-with-the-founder-of-the-parfums-de-marly-and-initio-parfums-prives-niche-fragrance-brands-to-accelerate-global-growth/",
      "source_name": "Advent International press release",
      "evidence": "Advent will acquire a majority shareholding in the Group from Julien Sprecher, who will remain ... as a large minority shareholder.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Advent has hired banks to sell the group (BeautyMatter, Apr 2026); no completed sale found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Issey Miyake",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Issey Miyake",
      "licensee": "Shiseido",
      "since": "1992",
      "source_url": "https://corp.shiseido.com/en/brands/",
      "source_name": "Shiseido corporate brands page",
      "evidence": "Prestige: ... ISSEY MIYAKE PARFUMS",
      "source_url2": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/narciso-rodriguez-renews-fragrance-license-with-beaute-prestige-international-122452513.html",
      "evidence2": "Beginning with Issey Miyake's L'Eau d'Issey in 1992",
      "note": "Licence wording comes from older Shiseido fragrance-unit (BPI) sources.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Jean Paul Gaultier",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Puig",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2016",
      "source_url": "https://uploads.puig.com/uploads/PUIG_BRANDS_Puig_Integrated_Annual_Report_2025_eng_65be06fd1b.pdf",
      "source_name": "Puig Integrated Annual Report 2025",
      "evidence": "the fashion business was acquired by Puig in 2011, followed by the fragrance business in 2016.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Jo Malone London",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Estée Lauder Companies",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.elcompanies.com/en/our-brands",
      "source_name": "Estée Lauder Companies – our brands",
      "evidence": "Jo Malone London listed among Estée Lauder Companies brands",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Jul et Mad Paris",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.linkedin.com/company/jul-et-mad-paris",
      "source_name": "Jul et Mad Paris – LinkedIn company page",
      "evidence": "We take pride in maintaining and cultivating our independence",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Founded by Julien Blanchard and Madalina Stoica.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Kajal",
      "relationship": "unverified",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://scentxplore.com/scentxpress-kajal/",
      "source_name": "ScentXplore interview (May 2024)",
      "evidence": "I founded Kajal in 2013 along with a business partner, Ibrahim Faris.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Names the founders but says nothing about ownership or investors.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Kayali",
      "relationship": "unverified",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2025-05",
      "source_url": "https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/beauty/mona-kattan-kayali-global-forum/",
      "source_name": "Business of Fashion (26 Jun 2026)",
      "evidence": "She closed the deal to carve out the brand with the help of General Atlantic in May 2025, and became fully independent from Huda in Jan. 2026.",
      "source_url2": "https://www.generalatlantic.com/media-article/huda-beauty-announces-kayalis-transition-into-a-standalone-fragrance-powerhouse/",
      "evidence2": "Mona Kattan, will partner with General Atlantic ... to jointly own KAYALI post-sale",
      "note": "Jointly owned by founder Mona Kattan and General Atlantic; the split is not disclosed, so majority/minority cannot be stated.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Lancôme",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "L'Oréal",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.loreal.com/en/brands/",
      "source_name": "L'Oréal – our brands",
      "evidence": "Listed under L'Oréal Luxe division brands",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Laurent Mazzone Parfums",
      "relationship": "unverified",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.lmparfums.com/en/pages/conditions-generales-de-vente",
      "source_name": "LM Parfums – terms of sale",
      "evidence": "concluded on the one hand by the company EURL III - LM PARFUMS, registered with the Trade and Companies Registry of Grenoble",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Registry lists Laurent Mazzone as director; shareholding not readable.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Le Labo",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Estée Lauder Companies",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2014",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001250/000100125025000099/R9.htm",
      "source_name": "Estée Lauder FY2025 10-K",
      "evidence": "Products are marketed under owned brand names, including: … Le Labo",
      "source_url2": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001250/000100125025000099/el-20250630.htm",
      "evidence2": "Acquired in 2014, Le Labo is a sensory and experiential lifestyle brand",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Liquides Imaginaires",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Nichebox",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.nichebox.net/brand/liquides-imaginaires",
      "source_name": "Nichebox brand page",
      "evidence": "LIQUIDES IMAGINAIRES … YEAR OF ACQUISITION 2018",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Louis Vuitton",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "LVMH",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.lvmh.com/news-documents/news/sun-song-cactus-garden-and-afternoon-swim-three-new-fragrance-creations-from-louis-vuitton-inspired-by-california-summer/",
      "source_name": "LVMH news (2019)",
      "evidence": "In 2016 Louis Vuitton reinvented its fragrance universe with the creation of exceptional perfumes",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Fragrance made in-house by the Maison since its 2016 relaunch.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Maison Crivelli",
      "relationship": "minority stake",
      "parent": "Extravaganza Beauty",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/extravaganza-beauty-acquires,28245",
      "source_name": "Premium Beauty News (23 Sep 2026)",
      "evidence": "Extravaganza Beauty, which already holds stakes in niche fragrance brands including … Maison Crivelli",
      "source_url2": "https://emirateswoman.com/how-thibaud-crivelli-and-his-brand-maison-crivelli-are-taking-on-the-fragrance-giants/",
      "evidence2": "And yet Crivelli remains definitely independent. He owns approximately 80 per cent of the company.",
      "note": "Founder Thibaud Crivelli owns about 80% (Emirates Woman, Apr 2026); stake size of Extravaganza not disclosed.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Maison Francis Kurkdjian",
      "relationship": "majority stake",
      "parent": "LVMH",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.lvmh.com/en/publications/maison-francis-kurkdjian-rejoint-le-groupe-lvmh",
      "source_name": "LVMH press release (20 Mar 2017)",
      "evidence": "Under the agreement LVMH will acquire a majority share in Maison Francis Kurkdjian.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "No source found saying LVMH now owns 100%.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Maison Margiela",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "OTB",
      "licensee": "L'Oréal",
      "since": "2008",
      "source_url": "https://www.loreal.com/en/brands/",
      "source_name": "L'Oréal – our brands",
      "evidence": "Maison Margiela Fragrances listed under L'Oréal Luxe division brands",
      "source_url2": "https://moodiedavittreport.com/loreal-writes-new-olfactory-chapter-with-martin-margielas-untitled/",
      "evidence2": "L'Oréal inked a fragrance licence with the brand back in 2008",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Maison Noir",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.alzd.de/en/2023/08/31/interview-with-maison-noirs-founders-claudio-denz-and-david-weber/",
      "source_name": "Aus Liebe zum Duft – founder interview (2023)",
      "evidence": "the desire grew in me to set up something new independently of the group. This gave rise to the idea for Maison Noir",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Founders Claudio Denz and David Weber, Zurich.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Mancera",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://manceraparfums.com/en/founders",
      "source_name": "Mancera – Founders",
      "evidence": "Founded in 2008 by Pierre Montale, the House of Mancera was born from the unique expertise of a master of oriental perfumery.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Sister house of Montale, run by the Montale family; no outside owner found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Marc Jacobs",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "WHP Global / G-III joint venture",
      "licensee": "Coty",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/821002/000095014226002481/eh260826006_ex9902.htm",
      "source_name": "G-III / WHP press release, SEC Ex. 99.2 (1 Sep 2026)",
      "evidence": "today announced the closing of the acquisition of the Marc Jacobs brand from LVMH ... each party owning a 50% equity stake",
      "source_url2": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1024305/000102430526000048/coty-20260630.htm",
      "evidence2": "Prestige brand list: Marc Jacobs (no asterisk = licensed)",
      "note": "Brand sold by LVMH on 1 Sep 2026. Coty listed the fragrance as licensed in its FY2026 10-K (filed Aug 2026).",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Marc-Antoine Barrois",
      "relationship": "unverified",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://blancmagazine.com/inside-the-intentional-world-of-marc-antoine-barrois/",
      "source_name": "Blanc Magazine (12 Aug 2026)",
      "evidence": "the Maison remains independent and family-owned … “There is no investor behind it,” she says.",
      "source_url2": "https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/extravaganza-beauty-acquires,28245",
      "evidence2": "Extravaganza Beauty, which already holds stakes in niche fragrance brands including … Marc-Antoine Barrois",
      "note": "Sources conflict: Premium Beauty News (23 Sep 2026) says Extravaganza Beauty holds a stake.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Matière Première",
      "relationship": "minority stake",
      "parent": "Kering",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2024-06",
      "source_url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/whats-fueling-matiere-premiere-robust-growth-1238915396/",
      "source_name": "WWD (15 Apr 2026)",
      "evidence": "The minority stake Kering took in the brand in June 2024 was not part of the acquisition of Kering Beauté by L’Oréal, which closed on March 31.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "The three co-founders define strategy independently.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Memo Paris",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/fragrance/memo-paris-levels-up-niche-fragrance-1238213115/",
      "source_name": "WWD (22 Sep 2025)",
      "evidence": "it remains family-owned and is undergoing a renovation.",
      "source_url2": "https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/beauty/memo-paris-fragrance-new-ceo/",
      "evidence2": "Heller originally joined the independent fragrance brand in September 2024",
      "note": "No investor stake found up to Oct 2026.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Montale",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.fragrantica.com/news/M-is-for-Montale-Exclusive-Interview-with-Pierre-Montale-7852.html",
      "source_name": "Fragrantica interview with Pierre Montale (2016)",
      "evidence": "There's only one team for both of them, and we have never shared the company with anyone.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Source dates from 2016; no later ownership change found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Montblanc",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Richemont",
      "licensee": "Interparfums",
      "since": "2010",
      "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/822663/000175392626000464/ipar-20251231.htm",
      "source_name": "Interparfums Inc. 10-K FY2025",
      "evidence": "In 2010, we entered into an exclusive license agreement ... Montblanc brand ... extended the agreement ... through December 31, 2030.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Licence runs to 31 Dec 2030.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Mugler",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "L'Oréal",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.loreal-finance.com/eng/2025-universal-registration-document/en/article/322/",
      "source_name": "L'Oréal 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "evidence": "BRANDS WITH INDEFINITE USEFUL LIFE – GROSS VALUE ... Mugler",
      "source_url2": "https://www.loreal.com/en/brands/",
      "evidence2": "Listed under L'Oréal Luxe division brands",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Narciso Rodriguez",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Narciso Rodriguez Corp.",
      "licensee": "Shiseido",
      "since": "2001",
      "source_url": "https://corp.shiseido.com/en/brands/",
      "source_name": "Shiseido corporate brands page",
      "evidence": "Prestige: ... Narciso Rodriguez",
      "source_url2": "https://wwd.com/business-news/financial/feature/narciso-rodriguez-bpi-set-joint-venture-7339927-129473/",
      "evidence2": "Seventy percent of the venture is to be owned by Narciso Rodriguez Corp. and 30 percent by BPI, the fragrance arm of Shiseido",
      "note": "Fragrance rights sit in a 2014 joint venture, 70% Narciso Rodriguez Corp. and 30% Shiseido's fragrance arm (WWD); current terms unverified.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Nasomatto",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://extraextramagazine.com/talk/alessandro-gualtieri-on-sniffing-the-excess-of-soul/",
      "source_name": "Extra Extra Magazine (8 Jan 2025)",
      "evidence": "He is the creator of two highly successful independent lines, Nasomatto and Orto Parisi",
      "source_url2": "https://osmetheca.be/en/houses/nasomatto.html",
      "evidence2": "Nasomatto remains an independent perfume house held by its founder Alessandro Gualtieri",
      "note": "Founder Alessandro Gualtieri; no acquisition found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "New Notes",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "HIC Beauty",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.fragrantica.com/news/New-Notes-A-New-Brand-from-Italy-16195.html",
      "source_name": "Fragrantica news (28 Feb 2022)",
      "evidence": "Milan-based perfume company HIC Beauty, well-known for its brand Moresque ... has announced the launch of their new perfume project, New Notes.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Created by HIC Beauty (Milan), not bought from outside.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Nishane",
      "relationship": "minority stake",
      "parent": "Mada / Atlas Growth Capital fund (Maxis)",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2025-09",
      "source_url": "https://www.maxisgs.com/en/news/we-invested-in-nishane-together-with-mada-through-our-atlas-growth-capital-fund",
      "source_name": "Maxis Girişim news (20 Sep 2025)",
      "evidence": "Together with Netherlands-based Mada, we invested in NISHANE through our Atlas Growth Capital fund.",
      "source_url2": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/mert-guzel-01135533_as-one-of-the-recognized-global-brands-we-activity-7361455688780255232-t-Wn",
      "evidence2": "We ... as co-founders … will continue to hold the majority of shares and retain full authority on the board of directors.",
      "note": "Co-founders keep the majority and board control. Premium Beauty News (23 Sep 2026) lists Extravaganza Beauty as holding a stake in this house too; size not disclosed.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Orto Parisi",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://extraextramagazine.com/talk/alessandro-gualtieri-on-sniffing-the-excess-of-soul/",
      "source_name": "Extra Extra Magazine (8 Jan 2025)",
      "evidence": "He is the creator of two highly successful independent lines, Nasomatto and Orto Parisi",
      "source_url2": "https://osmetheca.be/en/houses/orto-parisi.html",
      "evidence2": "Orto Parisi operates as an independent perfume house ... and remains held by its founder.",
      "note": "Founder Alessandro Gualtieri.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Pantheon Roma",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.pantheonparfum.com/en/pages/about-us",
      "source_name": "Pantheon Roma – About",
      "evidence": "These are the distinctive features of JOY S.p.A., a family business and the beating heart of the brand.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Fadelli family company.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Parfums de Marly",
      "relationship": "majority stake",
      "parent": "Advent International",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2023-06-22",
      "source_url": "https://www.adventinternational.com/news/advent-international-to-enter-a-partnership-with-the-founder-of-the-parfums-de-marly-and-initio-parfums-prives-niche-fragrance-brands-to-accelerate-global-growth/",
      "source_name": "Advent International press release",
      "evidence": "Advent will acquire a majority shareholding in the Group from Julien Sprecher, who will remain ... as a large minority shareholder.",
      "source_url2": "https://beautymatter.com/articles/advent-hires-jefferies-goldman-sachs-to-sell-parfums-de-marly",
      "evidence2": "Its American private equity owner Advent International has hired Jefferies Financial Group to lead the sale",
      "note": "Advent has hired banks to sell the group (BeautyMatter, Apr 2026); no completed sale found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Penhaligon's",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Puig",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2015",
      "source_url": "https://uploads.puig.com/uploads/PUIG_BRANDS_Puig_Integrated_Annual_Report_2025_eng_65be06fd1b.pdf",
      "source_name": "Puig Integrated Annual Report 2025",
      "evidence": "The brand was acquired by Puig in 2015.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Prada",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Prada Group",
      "licensee": "L'Oréal",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.loreal-finance.com/system/files/2026-03/LOREAL_DEU_2025_EN.pdf",
      "source_name": "L'Oréal 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "evidence": "Prada licence",
      "source_url2": "https://www.loreal.com/en/brands/",
      "evidence2": "Listed under L'Oréal Luxe division brands",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Profumum Roma",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.profumum.com/en/who-we-are/",
      "source_name": "Profumum Roma – Our story",
      "evidence": "in 1996 the Durante siblings chose to pursue freedom",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Durante family company (L.C. Durante S.p.A.); no group owner found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Rabanne",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Puig",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "1987",
      "source_url": "https://uploads.puig.com/uploads/PUIG_BRANDS_Puig_Integrated_Annual_Report_2025_eng_65be06fd1b.pdf",
      "source_name": "Puig Integrated Annual Report 2025",
      "evidence": "Paco Rabanne was founded in 1966 and acquired by Puig in 1987, although Puig has held the license for its beauty business since 1968.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Ralph Lauren",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Ralph Lauren Corporation",
      "licensee": "L'Oréal",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://investor.ralphlauren.com/static-files/84a0eb14-8b93-4528-a4a2-56535056d7ae",
      "source_name": "Ralph Lauren Corp. 10-K (filed 21 May 2026)",
      "evidence": "Beauty Products Fragrances L'Oreal S.A. (global)",
      "source_url2": "https://www.loreal.com/en/brands/",
      "evidence2": "Ralph Lauren Fragrances listed under L'Oréal Luxe division brands",
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Roja Dove",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Extravaganza Beauty",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2026-09-18",
      "source_url": "https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/beauty/roja-london-acquired-extravaganza-beauty/",
      "source_name": "Business of Fashion (18 Sep 2026)",
      "evidence": "Roja London, the upscale fragrance brand founded by master perfumer Roja Dove, has been acquired by Middle East-based distributor and operator Extravaganza Beauty",
      "source_url2": "https://theoath-me.com/tla-supports-extravaganzas-acquisition-of-roja-parfums/",
      "evidence2": "on the acquisition of the entire issued share capital of UK-based Roja Parfums Holdings II Limited",
      "note": "Brand now trades as Roja London. Extravaganza bought the entire share capital of Roja Parfums Holdings II Ltd (its legal adviser). Roja Dove stays as a consultant.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Salvatore Ferragamo",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Ferragamo S.p.A.",
      "licensee": "Interparfums",
      "since": "2021-10",
      "source_url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210707005803/en/Salvatore-Ferragamo-S.p.A.-and-Inter-Parfums-Inc.-Sign-Agreement-for-Fragrance-Business-and-License",
      "source_name": "Interparfums / Ferragamo press release (7 Jul 2021)",
      "evidence": "The license will be effective from October 2021 and will last for 10 years with a 5-year optional term",
      "source_url2": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/02/24/3244034/7735/en/Interparfums-Inc-Reports-Record-2025-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-Results.html",
      "evidence2": "Our portfolio of prestige brands includes ... Ferragamo",
      "note": "Still in Interparfums' portfolio in its Feb 2026 results.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Serge Lutens",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Shiseido",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2015-12",
      "source_url": "https://corp.shiseido.com/en/news/detail.html?n=00000000000015",
      "source_name": "Shiseido corporate news (22 Dec 2015)",
      "evidence": "Shiseido signed for purchasing the trademark of Serge Lutens",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "SHIR",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://shirfinejewelry.com/pages/about",
      "source_name": "SHIR Fine Jewelry – About",
      "evidence": "Founding SHIR Fine Jewelry allowed her to transform that fascination into a living passion",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Founder-run Antwerp jewellery house that sells The Enchanted Rose (2025); no outside owner found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Sora Dora",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.essencional.com/en/posts/sora-doras-quentin-dorado-perfume-is-emotion-in-a-bottle/",
      "source_name": "Essencional founder interview (Feb 2024)",
      "evidence": "since then, the company has been self-financing, allowing me to be completely independent.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "A family-friend investor funded the start; their current stake is unknown.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Sospiro",
      "relationship": "unverified",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://sospirointernational.com/pages/about-sospiro",
      "source_name": "Sospiro – About",
      "evidence": "In 2022 Sospiro opened a new chapter, carried onto a global stage from Dubai.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Only retailers name the owner (Salah Al Zarooni, Dubai) since the 2022 relaunch.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Stéphane Humbert Lucas 777",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://stephanehumbertlucas.com/pages/philosophy",
      "source_name": "Stéphane Humbert Lucas – Philosophy",
      "evidence": "Stephane Humbert Lucas Paris is a field of expression for its creator",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Founder's own house; no outside owner found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Tiziana Terenzi",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://cereriaterenzi.com/en/history/",
      "source_name": "Cereria Terenzi – History",
      "evidence": "Today our brands—Tiziana Terenzi, V Canto and Giardino Benessere—represent the beauty and well-being of Made in Italy",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Family-owned (Terenzi Group Holding S.r.l.).",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Tom Ford",
      "relationship": "owned",
      "parent": "Estée Lauder Companies",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2023-04-28",
      "source_url": "https://www.elcompanies.com/en/news-and-media/newsroom/press-releases/2023/04-28-2023-171511000",
      "source_name": "Estée Lauder Companies press release (28 Apr 2023)",
      "evidence": "has completed its acquisition of the TOM FORD brand and is now the sole owner of the TOM FORD brand and all its intellectual property.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": null,
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Toskovat'",
      "relationship": "unverified",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.parfinity.com/en/brand/toskovat",
      "source_name": "Parfinity (retailer) brand page",
      "evidence": "Toskovat is an independent perfume house from Bucharest, founded in 2022 by David-Lev Jipa-Slivinschi.",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Only a retailer states independence.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Valentino",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Mayhoola (Kering holds a stake)",
      "licensee": "L'Oréal",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.loreal-finance.com/system/files/2026-03/LOREAL_DEU_2025_EN.pdf",
      "source_name": "L'Oréal 2025 Universal Registration Document",
      "evidence": "Valentino (licence)",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Kering's exact stake in Valentino not read in a source.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Versace",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Prada Group",
      "licensee": "EuroItalia",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/we-are-actively-strengthening-our,27380",
      "source_name": "Premium Beauty News (31 Mar 2026)",
      "evidence": "Our largest license is Versace",
      "source_url2": "https://www.pradagroup.com/en/news-media/news-section/25-12-02-pradagroup-versace-closing.html",
      "evidence2": "Prada S.p.A. ... today announces the successful completion of the acquisition of Versace from Capri Holdings",
      "note": "Prada completed the purchase of Versace on 2 Dec 2025; the Euroitalia licence continues.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Viktor & Rolf",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "OTB",
      "licensee": "L'Oréal",
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://assets.ctfassets.net/0p3ks596b6ik/WZxWPfiPN8JLTqqIu1BA3/1912b578a0fe8f436f8cae2711c28044/PR_OTB_FYR2025_EN.pdf",
      "source_name": "OTB FY2025 results press release",
      "evidence": "The Maison's more than twenty-year collaboration with L'Oréal in the luxury fragrance segment continues",
      "source_url2": "https://www.loreal.com/en/brands/",
      "evidence2": "Viktor&Rolf listed under L'Oréal Luxe division brands",
      "note": "OTB calls it a collaboration; licence wording comes from older trade press.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Vilhelm Parfumerie",
      "relationship": "majority stake",
      "parent": "Creative Perfume Company SA",
      "licensee": null,
      "since": "2018-11",
      "source_url": "https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/vilhelm-parfumerie-ramps-up-expansion-1203698457/",
      "source_name": "WWD (14 Aug 2020)",
      "evidence": "A Swiss investment group took a majority stake in the label in November 2018. Ahlgren, who remains a part owner",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Investor name from BeautyMatter (Dec 2018); no source newer than 2020 found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "WIDIAN",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/widian_aj-arabia-enterprise-manufacturer-and-owner-activity-7290641591831056385-y569",
      "source_name": "WIDIAN LinkedIn post (30 Jan 2025)",
      "evidence": "AJ ARABIA ENTERPRISE manufacturer and owner of perfume brand - WIDIAN",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "AJ Arabia Enterprise is the founder's own Abu Dhabi company, not a group.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Xerjoff",
      "relationship": "independent",
      "parent": null,
      "licensee": null,
      "since": null,
      "source_url": "https://eventi.forbes.it/2019/07/23/xerjoff-profumi-di-lusso-andrea-tessitore-sergio-momo",
      "source_name": "Forbes Italia (23 Jul 2019)",
      "evidence": "È da luglio 2018 che Tessitore è entrato nel cda di Xerjoff nelle vesti di presidente e azionista di minoranza",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "Founder-led; an individual holds a minority stake. No group or fund owner found.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    },
    {
      "house": "Yves Saint Laurent",
      "relationship": "licence",
      "parent": "Kering",
      "licensee": "L'Oréal",
      "since": "2008",
      "source_url": "https://www.kering.com/en/news/project-for-strategic-agreement-between-ppr-and-l-oreal-regarding-ysl-beaute/",
      "source_name": "Kering (then PPR) release (Jan 2008)",
      "evidence": "the use of the Yves Saint Laurent and Boucheron brands in the field of fragrances and cosmetics would be entrusted to L'Oréal in the form of a very long-term exclusive worldwide license",
      "source_url2": null,
      "evidence2": null,
      "note": "L'Oréal owns YSL Beauté; Kering keeps the trademark.",
      "checked": "2026-10-08"
    }
  ]
}